Muri 2011, Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Burezi, Ubumenyi n’Umuco (UNESCO) ryagennye tariki ya 13 Gashyantare nk’umunsi mpuzamahanga wa radiyo.
Radiyo yashyiriweho umunsi wihariye kuko ifatwa nk’ikintu gikomeye mu buzima bw’ikiremwamuntu.
Mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 19, nibwo radiyo yatangiye kugeragezwa nyuma y’ivumburwa ry’imirongo ya radiyo n’ubushakashatsi bw’abahanga nka James Clerk Maxwell na Heinrich Hertz.
Mu mwaka wa 1895, Guglielmo Marconi yohereje ubutumwa bwa mbere bw’amajwi binyuze ku mirongo ya radiyo, ibintu byafashije cyane mu gutangiza ikoreshwa ry’iki gikoresho gishya cy’itumanaho.
Mu mwaka wa 1906, Reginald Fessenden yakoze iyakirwa rya mbere ry’ijwi kuri radiyo, agaragaza ko ishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo burenze gutambutsa gusa ibimenyetso by’itumanaho.
Nyuma y’imyaka mike, mu 1920, radiyo ya mbere isakaza amakuru ku mugaragaro (KDKA, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika) yatangiye gukora, bituma radiyo iba igikoresho cy’ibanze mu gutanga amakuru no kwidagadura.
Mu myaka ya 1930 na 1940, radiyo yabaye igikoresho gikomeye mu bukangurambaga no mu itumanaho ryihuse, cyane cyane mu gihe cy’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi.
Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, ahagana mu 1950 na 1960, habonetse radiyo zigendanwa (transistors), byongera uburyo abantu bazigira hafi, bigatuma zikwirakwira hirya no hino ku isi.
Mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 21, radiyo yahinduye isura binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga rigezweho kuko abantu batangiye kumva radiyo bifashishije murandasi nko kuri Tune in ndetse n’uburyo bwa podcast.
Mu Rwanda, amateka ya Radiyo atangira mu 1960, aho abanyarwanda bumvaga radio imwe rukumbi ivuga mu Kinyarwanda, ari yo Radiyo Rwanda.
Ni amateka benshi bibuka nk’ikintu cyabaye ejo, kuko icyo gihe nta kindi gitangazamakuru cyari gihari ngo kibamare irungu nk’uko ubu tubona ibinyamakuru muri iyi minsi ya none.
Ubwo Radiyo Rwanda yatangiraga mu 1961, igihugu nta bikorwa remezo bihagije cyagiraga. Nta muriro w’amashanyarazi mu byaro, yewe nta n’ingufu z’imirasire cyangwa bateri nk’uko tuzibona ubu ngubu.
Kumva Radiyo nabyo byasabaga gukora ingengo y’imari, kugira ngo bagure amabuye ya Radiyo mu moko yayo, arimo nationale, Tiger n’izindi.
Icyo gihe, iyo amabuye yasazaga, barayanikaga kugira ngo yongere kuvuga, maze bumve ibiganiro bakundaga birimo ikinamico, indirimbo zasabwe n’ibindi.
Iki gihe kandi, ibiganiro ntabwo byamaraga amasaha 24/24 nk’uko bimeze ubu; Radiyo yafunguraga saa kumi n’imwe za mugitondo, igafunga saa mbili z’amanywa, ikongera gufungura saa tanu z’amanywa kugeza saa tanu z’ijoro.
Radiyo yakomeje kumara abantu irungu, ndetse no gutanga amakuru, kugeza mu 1992 ubwo Radiyo zindi zavukaga, harimo Radiyo Muhabura yavutse mu 1992 na RTLM yavutse mu 1993.
Abasobanukiwe n’amateka y’itangazamakuru ryo mu Rwanda bavuga ko radiyo Muhabura yari yarashinzwe na FPR Inkotanyi itumvwaga n’abantu benshi kuko abayumvaga bitwaga ibyitso y’inkotanyi cyangwa inyenzi.
Nk’uko amakuru abigaragaza, muri Nyakanga 1993, havutse RTLM (Radio Television Libre des Mille Colline), yantangiye ikurura urubyiruko kuko yashyiragaho indirimbo zikunzwe muri Zaïre (Repubulika ya Demukarasi ya Congo y’ubu) ariko ikanakora ku buryo ihita ihindukira ikagaruka mu murongo wari uri mu Rwanda rw’icyo gihe.
Icyakora, bivugwa ko intego ya RTLM yari ugukwirakwiza urwango mu Banyarwanda, kuko yakoreshejwe yangisha Abanyarwanda abandi ndetse ikananyuzwaho icengezamatwara ryagize uruhare rukomeye mu kongera ubukana bwa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Iyi radiyo kandi yananyuzwagaho amazina y’Abatutsi bagombaga kwicwa mu 1994.
Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994, hasigaye Radiyo Rwanda gusa. Mu mwaka wa 2004, nibwo amaradiyo yigenga yatangiye kwiyongera abimburiwe na Radio 10.
Kuva kuri rubaho kugera kuri ‘tune in’
Uko ibihe bigenda bisimburana, niko uburyo bwo gutara, gutunganya no gutangaza amakuru kuri radiyo bugenda butera imbere.
Bamwe mu banyamakuru babimazemo igihe, baganiriye na ICK News bagaragaje uburyo bwakoreshwaga mu myaka yashize kuri ubu butakibaho.
Eugene Hagabimana, Umwarimu mu Ishuri ry’Itangazamakuru muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda avuga ko mbere y’uko amajyambere aza mu Rwanda ndetse no ku isi yose hakoreshwaga uburyo bwitwaga ‘cut cut’ mu gutunganya amajwi. Ndetse habagaho igikoresho kitwaga ‘Nagara’ cyifashishwaga mu gutara amakuru.
Yagize ati: “Muri icyo gihe uburyo bwo gutara amakuru ntabwo butandukanye n’ubwiki gihe kuko nabwo umuntu yajyaga aho atara amakuru, gusa itandukaniro ni ikoranabuhanga kuri ubu ryateye imbere kubera ko ibikoresho by’icyo gihe bitandukanye n’ibyubu.”
Akomeza agira ati “Nk’urugero, kera hakoreshwaga igikoresho kitwaga nagara cyapimaga nk’ibiro icumi, akaba aricyo umunyamakuru yajyana gutara amakuru kugira ngo afate amajwi. Rero iyo umunyamakuru yavaga aho yataye amakuru, iminota yabaga yakoresheje afata amajwi ni nayo yakoreshaga yohereza amajwi aho bayatunganyirizaga.”
Hagabimana akomeza avuga ko kugira ngo batunganye ayo majwi nabyo byabaga ari akazi katoroshye aho bakoreshaga uburyo buzwi nka “Cut cut”. Ati: “muri ubwo buryo bwo gukatakata, byasabaga umunyamakuru kumva neza amajwi akeneye akamenya aho akatira.”
Hagabimana avuga ko hari ibyuma byabugenewe byakoreshwaga cyangwa hagakoreshwa umukasi.
N’ubwo abahanga mu itangazamakuru ryo mu Rwanda bagaragaza ko radiyo yagiriye akamaro kanini umuryango nyarwanda, kuva kera kuko yahaga benshi amakuru agezweho, ndetse ikanabigisha binyuze mu biganiro n’izindi gahunda, umubare muto w’abanyarwanda nibo babashaga kumva radiyo.
Muri iki gihe, umubare w’abakurikira radiyo wariyongereye bitewe n’uburyo bisigaye byoroshye kuyumva kubera iterambere rya interineti.
Hagabimana avuga ko intereneti yagize uruhare rukomeye mu iterambere rya radiyo. Ati “Aho intereneti iziye, biroroshye ko ukora inkuru ashobora gukoresha telefoni ye cyangwa mudasobwa agahita ayoherereza ako kanya aho yaba ari hose, ibyo hambere ntibyashobokaga. Na radiyo ubu ushobora kuyumva aho waba uri hose ku isi ukoresheje interineti.”
Radiyo yonyine ntikimara abantu inyota
Umunyamakuru Gerard Manzi, umukozi wa Pax Press aganira na ICK News yagarutse ku buryo mbere hariho uburyo bucye bwo kumenya amakuru, kubera ko mbere hariho ibinyamakuru byandika kandi abanyarwanda benshi ntibari bazi gusoma.
Yagize ati “Mbere, hari uburyo bucye bwo kumenya amakuru, kuko mbere na mbere habanje kuza ibinyamakuru byandika harimo KINYAMATEKA. Gusa habayeho imbongamizi kuko umubare mwinshi w’Abanyarwanda batari bazi gusoma, ibi rero byatumaga abanyarwanda bafata radiyo nk’aho ari yo soko y’amakuru kandi yizewe.”
Akomeza agaragaza uko interineti yaje ikorohereza abantu mu kumenya amakuru, kuko hahise haza ubundi buryo bwo kumenya amakuru byoroshye kandi byihuse, kubera ko ibinyamakuru byatangiye gukorera kuri murandasi, ndetse n’abantu batangira gukoresha imbugankorayambaga zitandukanye.
Manzi avuga ko uyu munsi radiyo idahagije ngo umunyarwanda yihaze mu makuru cyane cyane ku bafite ubushobozi burenze radiyo. Icyakora ku bantu batuye mu bice by’icyaro batabasha gukoresha telefone zigezweho cyangwa za tereviziyo, radiyo iracyari ku isonga mu buryo bwo gusakaza amakuru.
Manzi ndetse yagarutse ku makuru y’ibihuhu asigaye atangazwa muri iyi minsi ngo batwike, bigatuma abaturage babona amakuru atuzuye cyangwa yuzuye ibinyoma, ibi bituma radiyo yatangaje izi nkuru ita inshingano zayo.
Ati “Akenshi abantu bakunda gutangaza inkuru zitari ukuri kugira ngo batwike cyangwa babone umubare munini w’ababakurikira. Uko bigenda byiyongera, umutarage abona amakuru atuzuye kandi y’ikinyoma, icyo gihe rero radiyo iba itaye inshingano zayo. Iyo utangiye kuzanamo amakuru atari yo uba uri kuyobya abaturage, igikenewe cyane ni uko abashinzwe za radiyo bafasha abaturage kubona amakuru y’ukuri.”
Manzi ndetse yagarutse ku buzima bw’umunyamakuru wo mu Rwanda muri rusange, avuga ko itangazamakuru ari akazi keza umuntu yarinda ajya mu zabukuru akigakunze kandi akigakora neza.
Yagize ati: “Nubwo abanyamakuru batabarirwa bantu bahembwa neza, ntibanahembwa nabi ku buryo byatuma umunyamakuru atangaza inkuru ituzuye kuko burya umunyamakuru mwiza ni ubikora by’umwuga kandi abikunze.”
Muri rusange, radiyo ndetse n’itangazamakuru muri rusange rifite inshingano eshatu arizo kwigisha, kumenyesha ndetse no gufasha abantu kwidagadura.
Muri raporo y’Ikigo Ngenzuramikorere cy’u Rwanda (RURA) igaragaza ko muri Nzeri 2024, mu Rwanda hakoreraga radiyo 34 zumvikana mu gihugu hose. Icyakora muri iki cyumweru u Rwanda rwungutse indi radio y’Umunyamakuru Sam Karenzi, SK FM
