Kaminuza zo mu Rwanda, cyane cyane Kaminuza y’u Rwanda (UR), zi gukorwamo amavugurura akomeye agamije kunoza uburyo zikora, uko ziyoborwa, ndetse n’uko zinjiza amafaranga.

Mu mavugurura mashya ari gukorwa, abarimu bo mu mashuri makuru na kaminuza za Leta mu Rwanda bagiye gutangira kugerwaho n’inyungu zitandukanye zaba iz’umwuga ndetse n’iziteza imbere imibereho yabo, hagamijwe kunoza imikorere yabo n’imibereho myiza yabo ku kazi.

Hashyizweho inzira zisobanutse z’iterambere ry’umwuga, hamwe n’amabwiriza y’izamurwa mu ntera asobanutse neza, bivuze ko abarimu, n’abashakashatsi bagiye kugira amahirwe asobanutse yo kuzamurwa mu ntera, guhabwa agaciro no gukura mu mwuga.

Ku nshuro ya mbere, abarimu bakuru (Senior Lecturers) bazaba bemerewe gufata ikiruhuko cy’igihe gito (sabbatical leave) kugira ngo bajye gukora ubushakashatsi cyangwa gutanga umusanzu mu bikorwa bya Leta badatakaje imyanya yabo cyangwa umushahara.

Imwe mu nkingi z’ingenzi z’aya mavugurura ni Iteka rya Minisitiri w’Intebe rishya ryasohotse mu Igazeti ya leta muri iki cyumweru. Iryo teka ritangiza uburyo bushya bwo gucunga abakozi bo mu rwego rw’uburezi rwa kaminuza, kandi rikomereza ku rugendo rw’amavugurura rwatangiye mu myaka irenga icumiishize.

Hamwe n’imiterere mishya yo kubona inkunga iha Kaminuza y’u Rwanda (UR) ubwisanzure bwo kwishakira amikoro yayo, aya mavugurura agamije gutuma urwego rw’amashuri makuru na za kaminuza mu Rwanda ruba urwo ku rwego rwa kinyamwuga, ruhangana ku isoko mpuzamahanga, kandi rudakomeje gushingira cyane ku ngengo y’imari ya Leta.

Kuva mu gusana kugera ku mavugurura: Urugendo rw’Imyaka 17

Iyi mpinduka iri gukorwa ubu, ni igice cy’urugendo rurerure rw’amavugurura rwatangiye kuva kuri Politiki y’Uburezi ku rwego wa Kaminuza yo mu 2008. Iyo politiki yashyizweho hagamijwe kongera kubaka urwego rw’uburezi mu Rwanda rwashegeshwe na Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, yasenye bikomeye urwego rw’abakozi n’ibikorwaremezo.

Yemeye ko uburezi bwo ku rwego rwa kaminuza bufite uruhare rukomeye mu gufasha u Rwanda kugera ku ntego yarwo yo kuba igihugu gishingiye ku bumenyi kandi gifite ubukungu buringaniye.

Politiki yo mu 2008 yari igamije guhuza uburezi bwo ku rwego rwa kaminuza n’ibyihutirwa mu iterambere ry’igihugu, nk’izamuka ry’ubukungu, kugabanya ubukene, kwihuza n’akarere ndetse no guhangana ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Iyi politiki yashimangiye akamaro k’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga, inshingano n’ubunyamwuga, uburinganire, ndetse n’uruhare rw’uburezi mu kurwanya ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside.

Kimwe mu byemezo byahinduye byinshi byafashwe muri iyo politiki, ni icyafashwe mu mwaka wa 2013, ubwo amashuri makuru na kaminuza za Leta yose yahurijwe hamwe akabyara urwego rumwe rukomatanyije, arirwo Kaminuza y’u Rwanda (UR).

Ibi byakozwe hagamijwe kugabanya KWisubiramo mu mikorere, kunoza ikoreshwa ry’amikoro, no kuzamura ireme n’ubushobozi mu kwigisha no mu bushakashatsi.

Kaminuza y’u Rwanda (UR) yahinduriwe imiterere igabanywamo amashami yihariye (colleges) ashinzwe ibyiciro by’ubumenyi bitandukanye, akwirakwizwa hirya no hino mu gihugu. Ayo mashami yibanda ku byiciro by’ingenzi by’iterambere nk’ubuhinzi, ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga, uburezi, ndetse n’ubumenyi mu by’ubuzima.

Iyi gahunda yo guhuza no gushyira ku rwego rumwe amashami y’amashuri makuru na za kaminuza ni yo yabaye umusingi w’ingenzi w’amavugurura ari gushyirwa mu bikorwa muri iki gihe.

Itegeko rishya rizana imitegekere n’amahirwe ku barimu n’abashakashatsi

Iteka rya Minisitiri w’Intebe riheruka, ryasohotse mu Igazeti ya Leta yo 4 Kamena 2025, ryasizeho urwego rw’amategeko rusobanutse kandi ruziguye ku bakozi b’amashuri makuru na kaminuza za Leta. Ryashyizeho inzira zisobanutse z’iterambere ry’umwuga ku barimu, abashakashatsi, n’abigisha imyuga, hagamijwe gukorera mu mucyo no kubazwa inshingano.

Abarimu bashobora kuzamuka mu ntera kuva ku mwanya wo gufasha abigisha (Tutorial Assistant) bajya ku mwanya w’Umwarimu (Lecturer), Umwarimu Mukuru (Senior Lecturer), kugeza ku mwanya wa ‘Professeur’ (Professor). Hariho kandi inzira zinyuranye ku bashakashatsi (zirangirira ku mwanya wa Professeur w’Ubushakashatsi – Research Professor) n’abigisha imyuga (barangirira ku mwanya wa Professeur w’Imyuga – Professor of Practice).

Iyi miterere isa n’iy’uburyo bukoreshwa ku isi hose. Urugero, za kaminuza nka Oxford na Melbourne zikoresha urwego rw’imyanya risobanutse neza rigena iterambere ry’umwuga hashingiwe ku ireme ry’uburezi, umusaruro w’ubushakashatsi, n’imyaka y’akazi.

Nk’iyo uzamuka ku cyiciro cy’umwuga wa mategeko cyangwa ubuvuzi, ubu buryo bushishikariza abarimu gukura no kugera ku mwanya wa ‘professeur’ wuzuye binyuze ku bushobozi n’uruhare bagaragaza mu kazi.

Iri tegeko rinagena ko hazabaho kuzamurwa mu ntera bishingiye ku bipimo by’ubumenyi n’imikorere (vertical promotions), ndetse no kuzamurwa mu rwego rumwe hagamijwe guha agaciro ubuhanga n’ubwiza bw’umusaruro (horizontal promotions). Ubu buryo bubiri butanga amahirwe menshi yo gukura ku bakozi, bigafasha kandi mu kugira impano mu mwuga.

Byongeye kandi, hafashwe icyemezo cyo gutangiza ikiruhuko cya ‘sabbatical leave’ ku barimu ba ‘professeur’ n’abandi bari kuri urwo rwego. Iki kiruhuko kibemerera gufata igihe cyo gukora ubushakashatsi cyangwa gutanga umusanzu mu bikorwa bya rubanda, ibi bikaba bias neza neza nk’uko bikorwa mu mashuri akomeye nka Kaminuza ya Harvard.

Tekereza ikiruhuko cya ‘sabbatical’ “nk’umwaka wo kwihugura” mu burezi, aho umwarimu afata umwanya wo kuruhuka, guhanga udushya, no kugaruka mu kazi afite ubumenyi n’ubushobozi burushijeho—ni nk’umuhanga uhagarika akazi akandika igitabo cyangwa agashaka umuti ku kibazo cy’igihugu.

Ikindi kintu cy’ingenzi ni ugushyiraho ku mugaragaro gahunda z’imikoranire y’abarimu, zibemerera gukorera by’agateganyo mu zindi kaminuza, haba mu gihugu imbere cyangwa hanze yacyo. Porogaramu nka Erasmus+ mu Burayi na DAAD hagati y’Afurika na Ubudage zerekana uburyo izi mpinduramatwara zizamura ubushakashatsi n’ireme ry’uburezi.

Ni nko kuba umwarimu wo muri Rwanda Polytechnic (RP) yafata igihe cy’igihembwe yigisha muri Stellenbosch University, hanyuma akazagarukana mu Rwanda ubumenyi bushya n’imikorere mishya.

Abakozi bose bo mu mashuri makuru na kaminuza bagomba gukomeza kwiga no kuzamura umwuga wabo; ibigo bigomba kubashyigikira muri uru rugendo. Tekereza ko buri mwarimu yaba afite amahirwe yo kubona impamyabumenyi ntoya buri mwaka cyangwa inkunga zo gukora ubushakashatsi, kugira ngo bongere ubumenyi bwabo cyangwa bakoreshe ikoranabuhanga rishya mu kwigisha.

Abarimu baba ‘professeur’ bashobora kwitabazwa mu kazi na nyuma yo kujya mu kiruhuko cy’izabukuru igihe serivisi zabo zigifite agaciro ku gihugu. Ni nk’umuganga w’indwara zikomeye usubijwe mu kazi nyuma yo kujya mu kiruhuko kugira ngo akore ‘operation’ y’ingenzi—ariko hano ni umushakashatsi uguma mu kazi kugira ngo asoze ubushakashatsi bukomeye cyangwa abyigishe abakozi bakiri bato.

Abahanga bamenyekanye cyane mu burezi bazashobora kujya bahabwa icyubahiro cya ‘Professor Emeritus” cyangwa ‘Honorary Professor’, bigaragaza agaciro k’umusanzu wabo w’imyaka myinshi. Iki ni icyubahiro cyo mu rwego rw’uburezi cyunganira “igihembo cy’ubuzima bwose ku murimo,” gihesha icyubahiro abagize uruhare rukomeye mu mateka ya kaminuza.

Izi mpinduka zizajyana n’iziri mu makaminuza akomeye ku Isi. Izina ‘Professor Emeritus’ rikunze guhabwa abarimu bagiye mu kiruhuko ariko bagakomeza gukurikirana abanyeshuri ba PhD cyangwa kuyobora imishinga y’ubushakashatsi.

Ubwigenge mu mu mategeko no kuyoborwa neza

Aya mavugurura azanye itegeko ryihariye rigenga abakozi bo mu burezi bwo ku rwego rwa kaminuza, ribatandukanya n’abakozi basanzwe ba Leta. Ibi bituma za kaminuza zibona ubwigenge bwinshi mu byerekeye guhitamo abakozi, kuzamura mu ntera, no kubasuzuma. Ibihugu nk’u Bufaransa bifite uburyo nk’ubu, aho abakozi ba kaminuza bakorera munsi y’amategeko yabo yihariye.

Abarimu ntibasuzumwa nk’abakozi bo mu biro, ahubwo bareberwa ku musaruro w’ubushakashatsi, ibitabo byemewe n’abandi bagenzi babo, uburyo bakorana n’abanyeshuri, no guhanga udushya.

Imiterere y’ubuyobozi nayo yarushijeho gukomezwa. Akanama k’uburezi (academic councils) n’inzego z’ubuyobozi (Management boards) bafite inshingano zisobanutse mu gufata ibyemezo, bifasha ibigo gufata ibyemezo byihuse kandi bifite intego.

Ibi bisa no gutandukanya Inteko Ishinga Amategeko na Guverinoma—Akanama k’uburezi kagira ibiganiro ku bigomba kwigishwa, mu gihe inzego z’ubuyobozi zishinzwe abakozi n’ingengo y’imari.

Intego nyamukuru ya UR: Kwigira mu by’imari (Financial self-Reliance)

Nubwo amavugurura mu miyoborere ari ingenzi, Kaminuza y’u Rwanda (UR) yanashyize imbere intego yo kwigira mu by’imari. UR yiyemeje ko bitarenze umwaka wa 2029, izaba ishobora kwivana ku nkunga ya Leta ku kigero cya 63% by’ingengo y’imari yayo, binyuze mu kwinjiza amafaranga yayo bwite.

Guverinoma, ibinyujije mu biro bya Minisitiri w’Intebe Dr. Edouard Ngirente kuva muri Nzeri 2022, nibwo yatangije izi mpinduka nshya, hagamijwe gushyiraho uburyo burambye bwo kwinjiza amafaranga mu mashuri makuru na za kaminuza bya Leta.

Ingengo y’imari ya Kaminuza y’u Rwanda (UR) yagiye ihindagurika mu myaka ishize—aho yavuye kuri miliyari 26 z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda mu 2013, imanuka igera kuri miliyari 13 mu 2015–2016, ubu ikaba igeze kuri miliyari 33.8 mu ngengo y’imari ya 2023–2024. Nyamara, iyi kaminuza ikeneye nibura miliyari 55 kugira ngo ibashe kwita ku banyeshuri bagera ku 31,000—nayo idahagije mu by’ukuri.

Mu rwego rwo gukemura iki kibazo, UR irimo kwagura ubufatanye n’ibigo by’abikorera, gushaka inkunga z’ubushakashatsi ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ndetse no kongera ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza amafaranga binyuze mu kigo cyayo cy’ubucuruzi, UR Holding Group. Iki kigo gicunga imishinga y’ubucuruzi irenga 79 ikorera mu nzego zitandukanye nko mu buvuzi, ubuhinzi, ubukerarugendo, ndetse no gushaka abakozi mu kazi.

Iyi miterere y’imikorere si mishya ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Urugero, Kaminuza ya Makerere muri Uganda ikora ubucuruzi binyuze mu macumbi n’amasambu y’ubuhinzi, mu gihe MIT yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yinjiza amafaranga menshi ivana ku gucuruza ubushakashatsi n’imikoranire n’inganda.

UR kandi, iri guhuza porogaramu zayo z’amasomo n’ibikenewe ku isoko ry’umurimo, hagamijwe kongera amahirwe y’akazi ku banyeshuri barangije no gutuma kaminuza irushaho gukurura abashoramari.

Ibi bikomeje kuri uru rwego, amashuri makuru na za kaminuza zo mu Rwanda ntazaba gusa ahantu ho kwigisha no gukora ubushakashatsi, ahubwo zaba ari inkingi mu guhanga udushya, gukora ibicuruzwa no kuyobora iterambere.